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Eric Alfred Havelock (; 3 June 1903 – 4 April 1988) was a British classicist who spent most of his life in Canada and the United States. He was a professor at the University of Toronto and was active in the Canadian socialist movement during the 1930s. In the 1960s and 1970s, he served as chair of the classics departments at both Harvard and Yale. Although he was trained in the turn-of-the-20th-century Oxbridge tradition of classical studies, which saw Greek intellectual history as an unbroken chain of related ideas, Havelock broke radically with his own teachers and proposed an entirely new model for understanding the classical world, based on a sharp division between literature of the 6th and 5th centuries BC on the one hand, and that of the 4th on the other. Much of Havelock's work was devoted to addressing a single thesis: that all of Western thought is informed by a profound shift in the kinds of ideas available to the human mind at the point that Greek philosophy converted from an oral to a literate form. The idea has been very controversial in classical studies, and has been rejected outright both by many of Havelock's contemporaries and modern classicists. Havelock and his ideas have nonetheless had far-reaching influence, both in classical studies and other academic areas. He and Walter J. Ong (who was himself strongly influenced by Havelock) essentially founded the field that studies transitions from orality to literacy, and Havelock has been one of the most frequently cited theorists in that field; as an account of communication, his work profoundly affected the media theories of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan. Havelock's influence has spread beyond the study of the classical world to that of analogous transitions in other times and places. ==Education and early academic career== Born in London, Havelock grew up in Scotland where he attended Greenock Academy〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://drs.library.yale.edu/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ms.1489&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes )〕 before enrolment at The Leys School in Cambridge at the age of 14. He studied there with W. H. Balgarnie, a classicist to whom Havelock gives considerable credit.〔Havelock, ''The Lyric Genius of Catullus'', second ed. (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967), i.〕 In 1922, Havelock started at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. While studying under F. M. Cornford at Cambridge, Havelock began to question the received wisdom about the nature of pre-Socratic philosophy and, in particular, about its relationship with Socratic thought. In ''The Literate Revolution in Greece'', his penultimate book, Havelock recalls being struck by a discrepancy between the language used by the philosophers he was studying and the heavily Platonic idiom with which it was interpreted in the standard texts.〔Quoted and summarized in Swearingen, Jan, "Oral Hermeneutics during the Transition to Literacy: The Contemporary Debate" (''Cultural Anthropology'' Vol. 1 No. 2 (), 138–56), 141.〕 It was well known that some of these philosophical texts (Parmenides, Empedocles) were written not only in verse but in the metre of Homer, who had recently been identified (still controversially at the time) by Milman Parry as an oral poet, but Cornford and other scholars of these early philosophers saw the practice as a fairly insignificant convention leftover from Hesiod.〔Cornford regards philosophy per se as a distinctly post-Hesiodic invention; he says of Anaximander, "We seem to have left the supernatural behind and to have passed at one step into the shining air of reason" (Cornford, ''From Religion to Philosophy: A Study in the Origins of Western Speculation'' (published 1912; reprinted Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991 ), 41).〕 Havelock eventually came to the conclusion that the poetic aspects of early philosophy "were matters not of style but of substance,"〔''Literate Revolution,'' quoted in Swearingen 141.〕 and that such thinkers as Heraclitus and Empedocles actually have more in common even on an intellectual level with Homer than they do with Plato and Aristotle. However, he did not publicly break from Cornford until many years later. In 1926 Havelock took his first academic job at Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Canada. He married Ellen Parkinson in 1927, and moved on to Victoria College at the University of Toronto in 1929. Havelock's scholarly work during this period focused on Latin poetry, particularly Catullus, far from the early Greek philosophy he had worked on at Cambridge. While in Canada Havelock became increasingly involved in politics. With his fellow academics Frank Underhill and Eugene Forsey, Havelock was a cofounder of the League for Social Reconstruction, an organisation of politically active socialist intellectuals.〔King, Carol, Guide to the Eric Alfred Havelock Papers, Yale University Archives (<()>, accessed 12 February 2006).〕 He and Underhill were also the most outspoken of a group of dissident faculty members at the University. Havelock's political engagement deepened rapidly. In 1931, after Toronto police had blocked a public meeting by an organisation the police claimed was associated with communists, he and Underhill wrote a public letter of protest, calling the action "short-sighted, inexpedient, and intolerable."〔Friedland, Martin, ''The University of Toronto: A History'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002) 318.〕 The letter led to considerable tension between the leadership of the university and the activist professors led by Havelock and Underhill,〔Friedland 320〕 as well as a sharply critical public reaction. All of the major newspapers in Toronto, along with a number of prominent business leaders, denounced the professors as radical leftists and their behaviour as unbecoming of academics.〔Massolin, Philip, ''Canadian Intellectuals, the Tory Tradition, and the Challenge of Modernity, 1939–1970'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 82.〕 Though the League for Social Reconstruction began as more of a discussion group than a political party, it became a force in Canadian politics by the mid-1930s. After Havelock joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, along with several other members of the League, he was pressured by his superiors at the University to curtail his political activity.〔Horn, Michiel. "Professors in the Public Eye: Canadian Universities, Academic Freedom, and the League for Social Reconstruction" (''History of Education Quarterly,'' Vol. 20, No. 4. (), 425–47)433.〕 He did not, continuing to act as an ally and occasional spokesman for Underhill and other leftist professors. He found himself in trouble again in 1937 after criticising both the government's and industry's handling of an automotive workers' strike. Despite calls from Ontario officials for his ouster, he was able to remain at Victoria College, but his public reputation was badly damaged.〔Tudiver, Neil, ''Universities for Sale: Resisting Corporate Control Over Canadian Higher Education'' (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1999), 36.〕 While at Toronto, Havelock began formulating his theory of orality and literacy, establishing the context of a later movement at the University interested in the critical study of communication, which Donald F. Theall has called the "Toronto School of Communications."〔Theall, "The Toronto School of Communications" During World War II, Havelock moved away from the socialist organisations he had been associated with, and in 1944 was elected founding president of the Ontario Classical Association. One of the association's first activities was organising a relief effort for Greece, which had just been liberated from Nazi control.〔Curchin, Leonard A., "A Brief History of the Ontario Classical Association" (Ontario Classical Association website, <()>, accessed 26 February 2006).〕 Havelock continued to write about politics, however, and his political and academic work came together in his ideas about education; he argued for the necessity of an understanding of rhetoric for the resistance to corporate persuasiveness.〔Gorak, Jan. Introduction to ''Northrop Frye on Modern Culture'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), xxviii.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eric A. 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